IETF

A cryptographic protocol that provides end-to-end encryption of data transmitted over the Internet, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authentication between communicating systems.

HTTP 2+

An application-layer protocol used to transfer resources such as HTML documents, images, and other web content, forming the foundation of data communication in web browsers.

Robots directives are instructions delivered through the robots meta tag or the X-Robots-Tag HTTP header that control how search engines and web crawlers index, cache, and process web content.

Cookies

Small pieces of data that a website stores in a visitor's web browser to preserve information between page requests and browsing sessions.

A web security mechanism that ensures a user's browser always connects to a website using HTTPS, preventing insecure HTTP access.

An identifier for a specific version of a resource that is used for cache validation.

QUIC

A transport layer network protocol built on UDP that provides encrypted, low-latency data transfer, underpins HTTP 2+, and was originally developed by Google.

Atom

An XML-based web feed format used to syndicate content such as articles and updates, similar to RSS but defined as an IETF standard.

OAuth

An open standard authorization protocol that allows applications to obtain limited access to user accounts without sharing passwords across web, mobile, and desktop environments.

WebSocket

A communication protocol that enables persistent, full-duplex data exchange between a client and a server over a single TCP connection.

JSON Web Token

An open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object.

A lossless data compression algorithm that combines the LZ77 sliding window technique with Huffman coding to reduce data size efficiently.

FTP

A standard network protocol for transferring files between a server and a client.