Text

The plain text document format.

OpenID

A decentralized authentication protocol based on OAuth 2.0 that enables applications to verify a user's identity through an external identity provider instead of managing credentials directly.

Sitemap

A file in XML format that allows webmasters to inform search engines about URLs on a website that are available for web crawling.

Markdown

A markup language used to add formatting to plain text documents.

CGI

An interface specification that enables web servers to execute an external program to process HTTP requests.

OpenAPI

A specification language for defining HTTP APIs, typically written in YAML or JSON.

Humans.txt

A text file that can be created by developers to list the people who have contributed to a website.

RDF

A W3C standard model to describe and exchange graph data on the web.

JSON Web Token

An open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object.

IDN

Internationalized Domain Names allow people around the world to use domain names in local languages, such as Arabic, Chinese, or Cyrillic.

Prerender

The rel="prerender" attribute on HTML elements.

Webmention

A simple protocol to notify any URL when a website links to it, and for web pages to request notifications when somebody links to them.

WebAssembly

A portable binary code format that can be run in modern web browsers with near-native performance.

ActivityPub

A decentralized social networking protocol used by various fediverse services such as Mastodon, Pixelfed, and PeerTube.

Rack

A minimal, modular interface and invocation convention that operates between Ruby web servers and web applications to standardize how HTTP requests and responses are exchanged.

LLMs.txt

A proposed standard that provides structured content and instructions to guide large language models in understanding and summarizing a website's content.

A non-proprietary protocol for encrypting email using public key cryptography.

Onion

Sites are websites on the dark web that use the .onion top-level domain and are only accessible through online routing through Tor.

XRDS

An XML-based file format that provides a list of service endpoints (e.g., OpenID) available on a website.

OpenTelemetry

A vendor- and tool-agnostic observability framework and toolkit for creating and managing telemetry data such as traces, metrics, and logs.

IndieAuth

A decentralized identity protocol built on top of OAuth 2.0.

ESI

A simple markup language used to define web page components for dynamic assembly and delivery of web applications at the edge of the Internet.

XMP

An ISO standard for creating, processing, and exchanging metadata for digital documents.

Micropub

An HTTP-based client-server protocol used to create, update, and delete posts on servers using third-party clients.

AdChoices

A self-regulatory standard for online interest-based advertising that gives consumers enhanced control over the collection and use of their data to deliver relevant ads.