Text

The plain text document format.

GraphQL

A data query and manipulation language for APIs typically used for remote client-server communications.

XML

A markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing structured data in a platform-independent way.

Markdown

A lightweight markup language used to add formatting to plain text documents using simple, human-readable syntax.

Onion

Sites are websites on the dark web that use the .onion top-level domain and are only accessible through online routing through Tor.

JSON Web Token

An open standard (RFC 7519) that defines a compact and self-contained way for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object.

WebAssembly

A portable binary instruction format that runs in modern web browsers with near-native performance, enabling frontend coding in languages that were not traditionally used for web interfaces, such as C/C++, C#, and Rust.

Rack

A minimal, modular interface and invocation convention that operates between Ruby web servers and web applications to standardize how HTTP requests and responses are exchanged.

Prerender

A deprecated browser hint that instructed web browsers to preload and render a web page in the background before navigation occurred.

Trace Context

Defines standard HTTP headers and a value format for propagating context information that enables distributed tracing.

AdChoices

A self-regulatory standard for online interest-based advertising that gives consumers enhanced control over the collection and use of their data to deliver relevant ads.

LLMs.txt

A proposed standard that provides structured content and instructions to guide large language models in understanding and summarizing a website's content.

Humans.txt

A plain text file that allows website creators to identify and credit the people involved in developing a website.

IDN

Internationalized Domain Names allow people around the world to use domain names in local languages, such as Arabic, Chinese, or Cyrillic.